JB Priestley an inspector Calls Essay Example

JB Priestley: an inspector Calls Paper At the start of the play Sheila and Eric are a lot like their parents, but by the end they seem to care more for taking responsibility in their actions. The effect this may have on the audience is that they might begin to think Birling is a bad man, and that he is selfish and uncaring for anybody else. The audience may start to support Sheila and Eric in their argument for socialism, and agree with them. The inspector is a very mysterious man, and though he neednt be a big man, upon sight he creates an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness. Priestley has cleverly designed this character, saying that he speaks carefully, weightily, and also mentions that the inspector has a disconcerting habit of looking hard at the person he address before speaking to them. Again, this emphasizes how important stage directions are to Priestley. He interrogates the Birlings and Gerald, who are very unhappy to have the inspector present, and it seems he arrived at an awkward time, since the family were just celebrating an occasion of engagement between Sheila and Gerald. The inspector immediately drains them of their glee like a dark messenger. The inspectors role in the play is to arrive at the Birlings house and question them for information about the death of a girl, named Eva Smith. He tells them all that she had died in the infirmary just two hours ago, and she had been taken there that afternoon from swallowing a lot of strong disinfectant. To make Evas death sound even worse and to help summon the audiences sympathy, he goes into the graphic detail of telling them she was burnt inside out. During his visit the inspector asks a lot of questions, and frequently interrupts the Birlings, to help give out his impression of massiveness. We will write a custom essay sample on JB Priestley: an inspector Calls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on JB Priestley: an inspector Calls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on JB Priestley: an inspector Calls specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A lot of his sentences are short, which help to emphasize his sense of authority, but they still make a lot of sense. When Mr. Birling asks the inspector whether he is there for some trouble about a warrant, he merely replies with a short No, Mr. Birling. Birling feels awkward and impatient upon hearing this, and so he tries to restart the conversation. He tries to use his social position to intimidate the inspector; but even boasting that he is the owner of a business does not seem to stir the inspector at all. J. B. Priestley uses the inspectors false name, Inspector Goole, to make the audience think in a particular way. His name sounds like ghoul, which is the name given to a dead being that people believe haunt deserted houses. Upon hearing the name Goole the audience may think the inspector is a ghost who may have come to get his revenge on the Birlings, or perhaps he could be a figment of their imagination. Just hearing the inspectors name will make the audience eager to find out who he is and what his purpose is with the Birlings. A dramatic device is something a writer uses to catch the audiences attention. One dramatic device that Priestley uses in this play is the use of dialogue as the inspector tells the family and Gerald of Eva Smiths death. The information of any character dying in a play will immediately catch the audiences attention, and since the inspector has come to see the Birlings about it, then the audience begins to think the death was related to them. They may also think he has come to question them about her, or even to accuse them of killing her. Its possible that the inspector is related to Eva but the audience can only find out by listening to the dialogue. This is why interesting dialogue is useful in making the audience aware and pay attention to the story. Another dramatic device Priestley uses is when he starts to imply Mr. Birling isnt the only one guilty of Evas suicide. He says to Sheila that when Eva was working at Milwards, a clothes shop, a customer complained about her, so she had to leave. Sheila asks when this happened, and the inspector shows her a photograph nobody else gets to see. Sheilas reaction to the photograph the minute she sees it makes it obvious she is the customer that complained. Therefore, she may also be guilty of Evas suicide. The audience will want to verify this. The photograph is also effective because the audience do not get to see it either. This is another dramatic device. Priestley includes these dramatic devices to keep the audience interested. They are successful, because they made me want to know what happens next and whether the Birlings will find a way out of these accusations. I conclude that An Inspector Calls is an excellently-written play, and was introduced to the world at an effective time. Although the play isnt very fun to read, it captures the audiences imagination and keeps them hooked on the storyline. The plays purpose has touched many, and Priestley tries to make us understand that if we all work together, the world will be a better place.

Job Shop Layout Essay example

Job Shop Layout Essay example Job Shop Layout Essay example Job Shop Layout Excel Case Problem MBAA 607 Operation Analysis By: Audra Halim Due Date: 4/7/15 a) The total number of feet all workers combined must move during a day’s operation with the current, baseline layout is 72,720 feet b) . NEW LAYOUT B C1 C2 Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 F W C3 Area 4 Area 5 Area 6 R S G A Area 7 Area 8 Area 9 Area 10 c) The total number of feet all workers combined must move during a day’s operation with the new layout is 33,720 feet d) (72,720-33,720)/72,720*100= 53.63%. I would expect at least with the new joint over the old joint is 53.63% improvement because with all other things equal, the operation cost of the old joint is 72,720 and the new joint 33,720, we can calculate that at least we should have improvement at least 53.63% from the reduction in the operation cost. e) Since, I cannot change the location of all cashier, I need to see which work areas that cashier goes a lot. From the from/to matrix, we can see that the highest number of worker-trips made from cashier is to warmer so that is why I put the warmer (w) in area 5 and I put here so it will be closed with all the cashier. The next thing that I look is which work area that has the highest number from warmer and I see that number of worker-trips made from warmer to fryer is the highest so I put fryer (F) in are 4 rather than area 1 because area 4 has shorter distance than area 1 from area 5. I don’t put the fryer in area 9 because I need to put the fryer (f) and beverage dispenser (B) next to each other and when I try to put in area 9 (f) and in area 10 (B), it has higher cost. Next thing, I look is which work are that has the highest number from fryer and it is beverages so I put beverages in

The Federal Reserve System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Federal Reserve System - Essay Example The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) consists of the Board of Governors and Federal Reserve Bank Presidents. The FOMC is the monetary policymaking body that creates policy designed to stimulate economic growth, full employment, stable prices, and a sustainable pattern of international trade and payments. It makes responsible decisions concerning the open market operations. In addition, the FOMC directs system operations in foreign currencies. The Board of Governors makes decisions regarding cost and availability of money and credit in the economy. The Board regulates banks, contributes to the monetary policy, and oversees the activities of the Federal Reserve Banks. Members of the Board of Governors include Ben S. Bernanke, the Chairman; Roger E. Ferguson, Jr., the Vice Chairman, Susan Schmidt Bies, Mark W. Olson, Donald L. Kohn, Kevin M. Warsh, and Randall S. Kroszner all of whom are responsible for discount rate and reserve requirements. The responsibilities for discount rate policy are shared with the Federal Reserve Banks. In 1976, the Consumer Advisory Council, consisting of consumer and creditor representatives was established to advise the Board of Governors on consumer related issues. Before the appointment to the Board of Governors, Bernanke was one of President Bush's top economic advisers. He received his bachelor's degree in economics from Harvard and his PhD for MIT. He was a professor at Princeton University and chair of the Economic Department. As a member of the Federal Reserve Board, Bernanke is the first new Fed chairman in nearly two decades. The Federal Reserve Banks conduct research on the economy, supervise banks in their region, and provide financial services to banks and the United States government. They hold cash reserves for depository institutions and make loans to them; move currency and coins in and out of circulation; collect and process millions of checks daily; provide checking accounts for the Treasury; issue and redeem government securities; and are the fiscal agents for the United States government. The Federal Reserve Bank districts include: Atlanta, GA; Boston, MA; Chicago, IL; Cleveland, OH; Dallas, TX; Kansas City, MO; St. Louis, MO; Minneapolis, MN; New York, New York; St., Philadelphia, PA; Richmond, VA; and San Francisco, CA Simplistically speaking, monetary policy is used to control the cyclical fluctuations in the economy. It influences economy activities, by manipulating the supplies of money and credit, thus altering the federal funds rate. Using the three monetary tools - open market operations, discount rate, and reserve requirements, the Fed regulates the money supply. Each affects the amount of funds in the banking system. The open market operations are the purchases and sales of United States Treasury and federal agencies securities. When the Fed desires to increase reserves, it buys securities and to decrease reserve, it sells securities. Such transactions affect the amount of money and credit banks posses, which affects the interest rates and the performance of the United States economy. The discount rate is the interest charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions for loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Banks. When the discount rate increases the amount lending made by banks

IFRS (ADIDAS) VS. US GAAP( nike) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

IFRS (ADIDAS) VS. US GAAP( nike) - Essay Example The generic accounting principles include four types of financial statements: balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and retained earnings statement (Nikolai et al, 2009). The balance sheet is one of the core accounting documents produced for all business entities, which provide the financial position of a company, with details on its assets, liabilities and ownership equity, at any given point in time. The income statement is a reflection of the profit and loss details that the entity generated over a particular period of time. Reflecting the operation of the enterprise, profit and loss statements, a term commonly used to describe the income statement, include the revenue generated from sale and the expenses that are incurred over the reporting period used for the document. The cash flow statement is a report that details the various activities undertaken by an entity, linked to investing and financing. Lastly, the statement of retained earnings is a snapshot of the ch anges that have taken place in the earnings of the entity over the reporting period that is in place as part of the accounting policy. The objective of the financial statement is variable to the stakeholder utilising the information. Organizational owners and managers use financial statements as a resource to base strategic decisions on, by assessing the overall operational efficiency of the business. On the other hand, investors look into the reporting data as a way of judging the viability of the institution, especially in context of the security and benefit it would create for any investment. The government bodies would use institutional financial statements within their due diligence and auditing process, to ascertain the declarations made by the entity, especially in relation to taxes and duties (Ding et al, 2007). Furthermore, financial bodies use this form of organizational documentation to decide the security

Leadership Skills Needed for 21st Century Coursework

Leadership Skills Needed for 21st Century - Coursework Example Therefore new leadership skills are required for leaders which help them to handle those challenges. This case study highlights the views of famous leaders of some reputed companies regarding the leadership skills required for 21st century. Leadership skills play a vital role globalizing and enhancing different activities and processes of business. Oh-Hyun Kwon the Vice Chairman and CEO of Samsung has mentioned that leaders must upgrade their skills along with the changing business environment. According to Mr. Known, the modern world businesses are expanding globally at a very faster rate. Therefore, the business leaders must have broad mindset which will help them to act and think globally. The leaders need to have strong analytical skill. This will facilitate them to implement any decision in the complex business environment of 21st century. The firms of 21st century believe in innovations. Therefore, the leaders must have the skill to develop and establish unique products and services. This will contribute a lot in growth and development of the business (Bamberger and Meshoulam, 2000). In the present time the organizations have employees who belong from different cultural background. According to Oh-Hyun Kwon leaders should have the skills to embrace cultural diversity in the work place. They should extract good things fro m different cultures and motivate people to follow those things for reducing cultural gaps. The ability of strategic thinking is required for the leaders for enhancing the business processes. The leaders must develop different activities for helping the society and environment. For this reason they must have strong interpersonal skills which will help the leaders to establish connection with the people. The leaders need to have good communication power for enhancing the business process (Story and Barbuto, 2011). Strong communication will help them to provide knowledge to all organizational members. The

Patient Centred Care in the NHS

Patient Centred Care in the NHS Introduction The NHS is a large multi-functioning health care service that deals with over 1 million patients every 36 hours1. The NHS sets out to provide quality health care which include three important parts; Clinical efficiency, patient safety and patient experience2 . The need for even greater quality health care in the NHS saw a shift in focus towards a more patient centric NHS3. This is because they believe a patient centric care, care that encompasses the patients’ needs and values and allowing this to shape and guide all clinical decisions4, will allow for a better quality of health care. This essay will explore how patient centric the NHS really is in terms of the different departments it encompasses, policies, laws and overall patient satisfaction. It will also investigate whether there are certain areas that the NHS needs to improve in terms of patient centric care and exploring if this is the case how to do so. Departments The NHS is made up of many departments and collaborates with a wide range of organisations such as the National Institute for Health &. Clinical Excellence (NICE)5. The structure can be described as complex and can cause confusion for patients trying to access these services6. In addition the complex structure makes the health care provided by these, less efficient and effective in the health services they are providing; and brings about questions of who is really responsible for the care of the patients7-10 In 2014 the NHS released the Five Year Forward View2, which outlines planned improvements for various areas of the NHS. Since the five year forward view plan was released, there has been a focus of new models and an increased focus on integrated care7. This emphases a more holistic approach to health care and looks to encompass all services11. Integrated care sets out to bring together a range of services so that all aspects of the patients’ needs are more closely met11. One of the new care models, called Vanguards has been set up around the country12. Vanguards aims to trial new integrated care methods which were presented in the five year forward view. Some of these new integrated care methods include Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships (STPS)13 and Accountability Care Systems (ACS)14. STPs are there to help organizations including GPs, hospitals, local authorities to work together and have unified services for the most vulnerable13. ACS’ have been developed to co-ordinate services under a set budget for organisations outside the NHS that impact health, this includes working with housing and social care organisations to create accountable care to assure that patients needs are being met7. Quality Surveillance groups (QSGs) identifies risks to patients in terms of quality and safety of the health care being received from the NHS and associated organisations acts as safeguarders15. This creates accountability for those providing health care services to the public. One individual organization within QSG is Care Quality Commission (CQCs). CQCs regulates the health and social care act, directly relating to patient centric care within the NHS as   regulation act 9 with this act says that providers must take action to make sure every individual has access to personal care treatment16. If this not being provided the CQC can take regulatory action, this provides further evidence that the NHS is patient centric as they are constantly monitoring the quality of patient care. Another QSG group is the clinical commission group (CCGs) this group, led by GPs commissions services on the behalf of the NHS, works to improve the health of the population in their area. CCGs are important because they allow the clinicians (GPs) that have knowledge on the needs of that particular area to provide the required healthcare services17. An example of this is the provision of integrated care within Oldham to provide a budget for vulnerable people to have fuel in the winter18. Although CCGs have been widely successful in terms of some of the services its commissioned, 19 one year after the creation of CCGs, a report commissioned by King’s Fund and Nuffield trust saw that less than half of GPs felt that CCGs reflects their views20. This report questions the patient centrism of CCGs as one of the reasons that CCGs are led by GPs is that they’ll have a better understanding of the patients’ needs in that area21, if GPs are not being consulted then this could also lead to less patient centered services. Furthermore, CCGs recently have had to make difficult decisions which have led protests from the public. One such decision is the closure of   Accidents and Emergency’s across the country22. CCG have decided these   A &E’s are unsustainable and are creating a larger deficit than necessary23. This has led to dissatisfaction from the public and feeling like their voices in regard to this matter is not being heard 24   .This goes against patient centered care, which is there to involve the patient in every step of care1. However, this is only one issue, overall the CCGs are a step in the right direction toward a more patient focused health care services for the NHS. With further consideration of GPs and the public views the CCGs can become an effective tool for building a patient centric health system. Policies and Legislation There are several laws in place that are there to protect the patient but also to put the patient at the forefront of every clinical decision that is made in the NHS. The health and Social Care Act 201225 allowed for the patients to be more involved in their care on every level. It does this by allowing patients support to manage their health in their everyday lives, it also gives them control over the care that they are receiving and also treating each patient as an individual with an individual circumstance25. In addition, this Act allowed for the establishment of Healthwatch England which will provide crucial information to the CQC on the opinions of the patients using their service26. To a certain degree this has been successful as Healthwatch England has published 1450 reports as of 201627 and has worked with local health ministers and the public to implement the care that is wanted by the patient. They have also worked closely together with CQC to provide information on which health services in which area need to improve28. However, they have only engaged 385,000 people28 to find out their view. Although this seems like a large sample the total amount of outpatients the NHS had in 2015/2016 was 89.436 million people29 and so this is a relatively small sample of the people treated by the NHS views which are being heard and so those which have the most need for improvement in the health care services may not be heard. Other legislation which provides the case of a patient centric NHS includes the Social Value Act30, This encourages commissioners of public services to think about how the services will benefit the public. The use of the Social Value Act in policy and practice can only be clearly shown by 13% of the CCGsand 43% of CCGshad no policy or were in the process of making a policy on the Social Value Act31.To improve to become more patient centric, the Social Value Act could be implemented on a wide scale basis into main policy of NHS England but also within the framework of QGS`. In addition to the previous laws, The Equality Act32, which protects patients from discrimination and permits them to get quality health care, also helps a patient centered NHS. It Allows for every Citizen of England no matter their culture and values to have health care which is free and of quality. These legislations are designed to make the NHS patient centric through creating a patient- NHS relationship free of discrimination and allows for the patient’s values and opinions to be respected. Although there could be some improvement on the implementation such as making sure these laws are practiced this can be done by setting up accountability groups and incentives for healthcare professionals to provide better patient centered care, these laws go a long way in making the patient the focus of the NHS healthcare33 Patient Survey Patient experience has been seen as vital to the care provided by the NHS34. Listening and taking action on a patients’ feedback about their experiences of health care is seen as critical to making sure that care within the NHS is centered around the person35. patient reported information can be described as Information which comes from the patient or family and Carers as an account or through surveys36. There has been increase in the number of surveys carried out by the NHS but have found that GPs were resistant to feedback which was to do with the patient or was dismissive questioning the validity of the report37. However there have been positive reports on services attempting to improve due to feedback from Patients38. This Creates a more patient centered NHS as they are listening to the feedback and taking action to it, meaning the views and experiences of the patient are valued.   Conclusion To conclude, The NHS has had a shift in view towards a more patient centric NHS, this can be seen as widely successful due to the policies and legislation its placed but also different quality surveillance groups and the listening of patients’ feedback. Although some improvement could be made in terms of CCGs and a straight forward pathway for the patient, the NHS can be seen as patient centric. Reference List 1. Department of Health. Chief Executive’s report to the NHS: December 2005. 272002. Department of Health, 2005. 2. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080728140415/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_4124276. Accessed 26th October 2017 3. NHS. Next Steps On The NHS Five Year Forward View. 06669. NHS. 2017. https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/next-steps-on-the-nhs-five-year-forward-view/ Accessed 26th October 2017. 3. The Rt Hon J. Hunt. Making healthcare more human-centred and not system-centred. GOV.co.uk. 2015. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/making-healthcare-more-human-centred-and-not-system-centred Accessed 26th October 2017 4. Institute of Medicine. Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222262/ Accessed 26th October 5. National Health Service (NHS). Putting Patients First: The NHS England Business Plan for 2013/14 2015/16.   England. 2013. http://www.thehealthwell.info/node/454557 Accessed 5th November,2017 6. Bamford, David  and  Daniel, Stephen  A case study of change management effectiveness within the NHS. Journal of Change Management, (2005).   5 (4). pp. 391-406. ISSN 1469-7017. 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kings fund, Creative connection. How does the NHS in England work? An alternative guide Kings Fund, 2017 https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/audio-video/how-does-nhs-in-england-workï » ¿Accessed 5th November 2017 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚   HJarmon. The new NHS structure is unstable.HSJ. 2014https://www.hsj.co.uk/comment/the-new-nhs-structure-is-unstable/5067897.article Accessed 5th NovemberDayan M. who is accountable in the NHS?. Nuffield Trust. 2016. 9. https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/news-item/who-is-accountable-in-the-nhs Accessed 5th November 10.   NHS. Challenging bureaucracy. England. 2013. NHS. http://www.nhsconfed.org/~/media/Confederation/Files/Publications/Documents/challenging-bureaucracy.pdf Accessed 5th November 11.   Department of Health. Integrated Care: Our Shared Commitment. England. NHS. 2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/integrated-care Accessed 8th November 12. Williams. NHS England reveals new care model vanguard. HSJ. 2015.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.hsj.co.uk/topics/service-design/nhs-england-reveals-new-care-model-vanguard/5083135.article Accessed 8th November 13. N. Laccobucci. Community hospitals: still a viable option? BMJ.2017. 358 :j3581 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3581. Accessed 8th November 14. T. Moberly. Accountable care systems and accountable care organisations in the NHS: progress or route to privatisation?, BMJ.2017. 358  :j4105 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4105   Accessed 8th November 15.   NHS England. Quality Surveilance groups. England. 2017. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/quality-surveillance-groups-guidance-july-2017.pdf   Accessed 8th November 16. The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014 https://www.brad.ac.uk/library/media/library/documents/numeric-referencing-guide-October-2017.pdf Accessed 8th November 17. Kings Fund. An alternative guide to the new NHS in England.. Kings Fund, 2013. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/projects/nhs-65/alternative-guide-new-nhs-england-2013 Accessed 8th November 18. Oldham CCG. Oldham Affordable Warmth Strategy. 2014 http://committees.oldham.gov.uk/documents/s66368/Affordable%20Warmth%20Progress%20Update.pdf Accessed 8th November 19. NHS Clinical Commissioners. Delivering a healthier future: How CCGs are leading the way on prevention and early diagnosis. 2016. https://www.nhscc.org/policy-briefing/5061/   Accessed 10th November 20.   Kings Fund. One year on, new commissioning groups are an improvement on their predecessors but do not reflect the views of members, say GPs. 2014 https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/press/press-releases/one-year-new-commissioning-groups-are-improvement-their-predecessors-do-not Accessed 10th November. 21. Kings Fund. Clinical Commissioning, GPs in Charge?. Kings Fund and Nuffield Trust. 2016 https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/default/files/field/field_publication_file/Clinical_commissioning_web_pdf.pdf Accessed 10th November 22. G. Newton. Slideshow: Thousands march through Grantham in protest against overnight closure of A&E. Grantham Journal.2017. http://www.granthamjournal.co.uk/news/slideshow-thousands-march-through-grantham-in-protest-against-overnight-closure-of-a-e-1-7839498 Accessed 10th November 23. CCGS. Preconsultation business case.NHS.2016 https://www.calderdaleccg.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Right-Care-Right-Time-Right-Place-pre-consultation-business-case-15-January-2016.pdf Accessed 10th November 24.Robertson. Public Satisfaction with the NHS- 2015. Kings Fund. 2015 https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/public-satisfaction-nhs-2016 Accessed 10th November 25. Health and Social Care Act 2012 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/7/contents/enacted Accessed 11th November 26. Tingle, Kribb. Nursing law and Ethics. Forth Edition. Blackwell Publishing. 2014 27. Health Watch England. Every Voice Matters. 2015-2016. Healthwatch http://www.healthwatch.co.uk/news/every-voice-matters-our-annual-report-parliament-20152016?mc_cid=1f74368018&mc_eid=da5769ac78. Accessed 11th November. 28. NHS. NHS statistics, facts and figures.2017.NHS. http://www.nhsconfed.org/resources/key-statistics-on-the-nhs. Accessed 11th November. 29. 30. Social Value Act.2016. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/social-value-act-information-and-resources/social-value-act-information-and-resources Accessed 11th November. 31. National Voices. Healthy commissioning: How the Social Value Act is being used by Clinical Commissioning Groups.2017. https://www.nationalvoices.org.uk/publications/our-publications/healthy-commissioning-how-social-value-act-being-used-clinical Accessed 12th November 32. Equality Act 2010. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents Accessed 12th November 33. Department Of Health. The NHS Constitution For England. Government.2015. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-nhs-constitution-for-england/the-nhs-constitution-for-england. 34.   Department of Health.  High quality care for all: NHS Next Stage Review final report.Stationery Office,  2008.

Coffee Crisis Essay -- BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursework

Coffee Crisis The Wall Street Journal, Boston Globe , and the Economist as well as many other media outlets of record were all in consensus when they declared the onset of coffee crisis in October 2001; farmgate prices had sharply dropped reaching a thirty-year low of $0.39 per pound in This price was below the cost of coffee production at the time, listed at USD 0.60 per pound.(Economist 2001) Price declines are not such an uncommon occurrence, but what is more troubling is that the cash market for coffee suffers from high price volatility. For a more detailed look please see Appendix 1: Cash Price Variation. Coffee producers , who are mainly located in developing countries , are highly vulnerable to price risk in the cash market , yet their profits in relation to their risk exposure has been steadily declining. In a 2001 study conducted by the European Fair Trade Association (EFTA)- an organization that promotes the sale of products that ensure price security for marginalized commodity produ cers- the general finding was a declining share of trade revenues from coffee remained in the coffee producing countries. Although the international coffee market has grown from $30 billion annually in the 1980s to $55 billion in 2001, in aggregate coffee producers have seen their share drop from $10 billion to $7 billion in 2001 (Renkema 59). From the perspective of the small producer, their received cash prices have not always been this volatile and had been stable up until 1989 ;although the data does not fully support this. Please see Appendix 2) Measures of Volatility. A price regime devised in 1962 by the International Coffee Association setup an agreement between coffee producing countries and coffee consuming countries.... ...//www.nybot.org> Pennings, Joost M.E. Research in Agricultural Futures Markets: Past Present and Future. Presentation Paper: Wageningen Agricultural University: Netherlands. 8 June 2001. Renkema, David. (2001). ¡Ã‚ ± Chapter 4:Coffee:The Speculator ¡Ã‚ ¯s Plaything ¡Ã‚ ± Fair Trade Yearbook..European Fair Trade Association: Amsterdam. World Bank International Task Force on Commodity Risk Management in Developing Countries.  ¡Ã‚ °Dealing With Commodity Price Volatility In Developing Countries: A Proposal For A Market-Based Approach. ¡Ã‚ ± Discussion Paper for the Roundtable on Commodity Risk Management in Developing Countries. World Bank. Washington, DC: 24 September 1999. United Nation Commission on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Secretariat.  ¡Ã‚ °Farmers and Farmers Associations In Developing Countries And Their Use of Modern Financial Instruments. Geneva: 10 January 2002.